<span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">To implement the processes</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of transformation</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of heat in</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">plants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">using various</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">working</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">bodies</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">The working</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">bodies</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">may</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">be</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">individual</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">substances</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">or mixtures thereof</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Workers</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of the body that</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">is used</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">in refrigeration,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">called</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">or</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">(</span><span style="color: #222222;">HA</span><span style="color: #222222;">)</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">These are substances</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">or</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">mixtures thereof</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">having</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">at atmospheric</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">pressure (</span><span style="color: #222222;">=</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">0.1</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">MPa)</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">boiling point</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">Ts = 350-120 K (</span><span style="color: #222222;">77</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">+ -153 ° C).</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">HA</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">with</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Ts = 350-250</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">K (</span><span style="color: #222222;">77</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">+ -23 ° C)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">generally used in</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">heat pump</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">installations</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">or combined</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">HA</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">with</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Ts = 273-120</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">K (</span><span style="color: #222222;">0</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">^ -153 ° C)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">are used in</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigeration and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">air conditioning.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Substances with</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">Ts <</span><span style="color: #222222;">120 K</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">is called</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">cryogenic agent</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">For</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">meet the following requirements</span><span style="color: #222222;">:</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">a)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">harmless to</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">human health;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">b)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">low enough</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">boiling temperature</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Ts</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">at normal atmospheric</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">pressure;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">c)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">low</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">condensing pressure</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Pk</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">at normal ambient</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">(</span><span style="color: #222222;">cooling</span><span style="color: #222222;">) of the medium</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">(water, air</span><span style="color: #222222;">);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">g</span><span style="color: #222222;">) Low</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">pressure difference</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">condensing and evaporating</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">(</span><span style="color: #222222;">Pk</span><span class="atn" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;">P0)</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">d</span><span style="color: #222222;">) low</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">freezing temperature</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Tz;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">e)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">a high</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">critical temperature</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">T c</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">It should</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">be</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">above the temperature of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the cooling medium</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">in the condenser</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">g)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the minimum</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">adiabatic index</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the specific volume of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the refrigerant vapor</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">h)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">as large as possible</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">heat of vaporization</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">specific heat</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">In addition, the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerant</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">must be</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">fire-</span><span style="color: #222222;">explosion-proof</span><span style="color: #222222;">,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">neutral</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">to construction materials</span><span style="color: #222222;">, well</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">to dissolve</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the water,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">have a</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">low cost.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">All these requirements</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">can not be satisfied</span><span style="color: #222222;">, i.e.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">there is no perfect</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerant.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Therefore, the choice</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of refrigerant</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">necessary to consider all</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of their quality and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">factors characterizing the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">installation and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the operating conditions</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">The main</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">thermal parameters</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">characterizing</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">The main</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">thermal parameters</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">are:</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Ts,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">K -</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the boiling point</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">at atmospheric pressure.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Characterizes the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">temperature of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the cold,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">which can be obtained</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">with minimal</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">evacuating</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the vapor space</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Tcr</span><span style="color: #222222;">, K</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the critical temperature of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the refrigerant</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Characterizes the maximum</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">temperature at which</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">condensation</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of the refrigerant</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">can be achieved</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">k -</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the adiabatic index</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of the refrigerant vapor</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Characterizes the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">work of compression</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and the temperature of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the vapor</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">1k</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">late</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">compression process.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">The larger</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">k,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the higher the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">temperature of the vapor</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">1K</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">after</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the compression process</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">q0,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">J / kg</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- specific</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">mass</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">cooling capacity</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">This amount</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of heat which</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">is removed from</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the cooled</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">medium 1</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">kg</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of refrigerant</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">circulating</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">in the process of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">evaporation.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Otherwise</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- is</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">latent heat of vaporization</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of the working substance</span><span style="color: #222222;">;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">qv,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">J / m</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">specific cold</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">This amount</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of heat</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">which is removed</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">from the chilled</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">environment</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">1m</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerant vapor</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">generated</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">in the evaporator</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and sucked</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">by the compressor.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Convenient</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">option</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">for a design</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">based</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">compressors</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">XM</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Vo,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">m3</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">/ kg</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- specific volume</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of the refrigerant vapor</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">at the boiling temperature</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">T0.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Relationships between them</span><span style="color: #222222;">:</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">qv _-;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">qo _ qv ■ v (</span><span style="color: #222222;">31)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Vo</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">In practice,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">used</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">as refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">about 30-40</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">working substances</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Most common are</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">now</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">(except for</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">water and air</span><span style="color: #222222;">)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants such</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">as ammonia,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">CFCs</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">(</span><span style="color: #222222;">freons</span><span style="color: #222222;">)</span><span style="color: #222222;">, and various</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">hydrocarbons.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">They are widely used</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">in the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">vapor-liquid</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">chillers</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Thermal characteristics of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">some of the most</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">well-known</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">are given in Table</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">3.1.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">marking</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">International designation</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of working substances</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">chillers</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the letter</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">R (</span><span style="color: #222222;">from</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Refrigerant -</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Refrigerant</span><span style="color: #222222;">)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">a set of numbers</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">that have a specific</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">transcript</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Non-hydrocarbon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">represent</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the number 7</span><span style="color: #222222;">, and</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">it is added to</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the molecular weight of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the substance.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">For example</span><span style="color: #222222;">: water</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- R718;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">ammonia</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- R717;</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">carbon dioxide</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- R744</span><span style="color: #222222;">, etc.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span>
<strong>Thermal characteristics of some refrigerants</strong>
<table style="color: #333333;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="2">№</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">Name</td>
<td valign="top" width="79">designation</td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span style="color: #222222;">Chemical formula</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2"><span class="20">boiling point, <span class="2">°С</span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">the critical temperature, °С</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><sup>critical pressure, </sup>МПа</td>
<td valign="top" width="62">K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="102">1</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">Water</td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R718</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">H<span class="102">2<span class="2">O</span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="102">100</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">374,15</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="102">22,6</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,33</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="102">2</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">Air</td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R729</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-194,4</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">140,7</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">3,76</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,4</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="2">3</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">ammonia</td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R717</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">NH<span class="102">3</span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-33,35</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">132,4</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">11,5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,31</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="2">4</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">dioxide ugleroda</td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R744</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">CO<span class="102">2</span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-78,3</span><span class="2">(субл.)</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">31,2</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">7,5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,32</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="2">5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158"><span class="2">freon-11</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R11</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">CFCI<span class="102">2</span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">23,7</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">198,0</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">4,5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,13</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="102">6</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158"><span class="2">freon-12</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R12</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">CF<span class="102">2<span class="2">CI<span class="102">2</span></span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-29,8</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">112,04</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">4,2</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,14</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="2">7</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158"><span class="2">freon-13</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R13</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">CF<span class="102">3<span class="2">CI</span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-81,5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">28,78</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">3,9</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">-</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="102">8</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158"><span class="2">freon-22</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R22</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">CHF<span class="102">2<span class="2">CI</span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-40,8</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">96,0</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">5,0</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,16</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="2">9</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158"><span class="2">freon-134а</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R134а</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">C<span class="102">2<span class="2">H<span class="102">2<span class="2">F<span class="102">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-26,5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="102">100,6</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">4,056</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">-</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="102">10</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">propane</td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R290</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">C<span class="102">3<span class="2">H<span class="102"><sub>8</sub></span></span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-42,1</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">96,8</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">4,3</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,14</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="45"><span class="102">11</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="158">ethylene</td>
<td valign="top" width="79"><span class="2">R1150</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">C<span class="102">2<span class="2">H<span class="102">4</span></span></span></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">-103,9</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="75"><span class="2">9,5</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="88"><span class="2">5,2</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="62"><span class="2">1,24</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br style="color: #222222;" /><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Freon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">(</span><span style="color: #222222;">CFCs</span><span style="color: #222222;">)</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- a</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">fluorine</span><span style="color: #222222;">,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">chlorine</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">derivatives</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of saturated hydrocarbons</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">On the international system</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">to denote</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the starting</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">hydrocarbons</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">figures:</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Methane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">number of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">halocarbons</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">(methane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- CH4);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">A series of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">ethane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">(ethane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- C2H6);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">21 -</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">number of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">propane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">(propane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- C3H8);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">31 -</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">number of</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">butane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">(</span><span style="color: #222222;">butane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- C4Hi0).</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">To</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">figure indicating</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the starting hydrocarbon</span><span style="color: #222222;">,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">is attributed</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">by</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the fluorine atoms</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">in the</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">hladagentt</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">In the absence</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of fluoride</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">- 0</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">If there is a</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">hydrogen atom,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">then the</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">derivatives of</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">methane to</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">1st</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">digit</span><span style="color: #222222;">, while</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">the derivatives</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of ethane</span><span style="color: #222222;">,</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">propane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">and butane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">to 2nd</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">digit</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">is added</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">by</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">unsubstituted</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">hydrogen atoms.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">The remaining</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">unoccupied</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">valence</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">-</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">chlorine.</span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">The number</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">of chlorine atoms</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">is not specified.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">For example</span><span style="color: #222222;">, methane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">CH4 - R50.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">his</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">series</span><span style="color: #222222;">:</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">R12 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">Freon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">12</span><span class="atn" style="color: #222222;">) - CF2Cl2 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">dichlorodifluoromethane</span><span style="color: #222222;">);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">R13 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">Freon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">13</span><span class="atn" style="color: #222222;">) - CF3Cl (</span><span style="color: #222222;">triftormonohlormetan</span><span style="color: #222222;">);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">R22 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">Freon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">22</span><span class="atn" style="color: #222222;">) - CHF2Cl (</span><span style="color: #222222;">diftormonohlormetan</span><span style="color: #222222;">), etc.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Ethane</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">C2H6 - R170.</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">Refrigerants</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">his</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">series</span><span style="color: #222222;">:</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">R143 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">Freon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">143</span><span class="atn" style="color: #222222;">) - C2H3F3 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">trifluoroethane</span><span style="color: #222222;">);</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><br style="color: #222222;" /><span class="hps atn" style="color: #222222;">R134 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">Freon</span><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span class="hps" style="color: #222222;">134</span><span class="atn" style="color: #222222;">) - CHF2-CHF2 (</span><span style="color: #222222;">tetrafluoroethane</span><span style="color: #222222;">), etc.</span>
