A policy brief developed under the EU-funded SophiA project highlights the growing role of natural refrigerants in Africa and outlines barriers to their wider adoption. The document emphasizes environmental concerns linked to synthetic refrigerants and the need for regulatory, technical, and market reforms to support climate-friendly alternatives.
According to the brief, synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs have contributed significantly to ozone depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. While global efforts under the Montreal Protocol have phased out nearly 99% of ozone-depleting substances compared to 1990 levels, HCFC-based systems still represent लगभग half of the air conditioning market in Africa. At the same time, 45 out of 54 African countries have ratified the Kigali Amendment, committing to reduce HFC consumption by 80% by 2045.
Natural refrigerants—including ammonia, CO2, hydrocarbons, water, and air—are presented as alternatives with lower environmental impact. The brief notes that, when properly applied, these substances can deliver safe, energy-efficient, and cost-effective performance in refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems. Their favorable thermodynamic properties can also improve system efficiency and reduce indirect emissions from electricity use.
However, several barriers limit adoption across the region. These include the absence of comprehensive regulatory frameworks, limited access to training, restricted availability of components and refrigerants, and high import tariffs on equipment, which can range from 40% to 111% in some countries. The sector is also characterized by a largely informal workforce, with insufficient structured training on handling natural refrigerants.
The brief identifies policy actions to address these challenges, including strengthening training programmes, raising awareness, supporting technology demonstration, improving access to financing, and developing regulatory infrastructure. It also highlights ongoing initiatives such as solar-powered refrigeration systems using propane and CO2, as well as ammonia-based industrial applications already deployed in several African countries.