A new scientific review evaluates recent advances in low-temperature phase change materials (PCMs) for cold chain logistics, highlighting developments in four PCM categories: organic, inorganic, eutectic, and polymer-gel systems. The work, published in the
International Journal of Refrigeration, was authored by researchers affiliated with institutions in Singapore.
The study focuses on passive cooling solutions, particularly the use of PCMs, which store and release thermal energy through phase transitions. Compared to active cooling, passive systems using PCMs offer greater energy efficiency and environmental sustainability by reducing energy consumption and enabling reuse.
The review addresses key challenges associated with PCM use in cold chain applications, including supercooling, phase separation, poor thermal conductivity, and leakage during phase transition. It also explores strategies such as the use of nucleating and thickening agents to enhance material stability, and discusses different encapsulation methods—including macro- and microencapsulation—to improve containment.
Researchers compared the performance of lab-developed PCMs with commercial products, using simulation and experimental data to assess the viability of these materials in cold chain transport. Specific focus was given to phase change temperature, latent heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and form stability, which are critical factors for selecting PCMs suited to various cold chain temperature categories ranging from cryogenic to chilled conditions.
The study distinguishes itself from previous reviews by combining material development with practical testing, offering insights into formulation strategies and design improvements for future PCM technologies.
"This study will provide researchers with an up-to-date PCM formulation design and new strategies to counter the most commonly occurring problems related to different PCM types," the authors concluded.
The research was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore under its Low-Carbon Energy Research initiative.
